2017年11月26日 星期日

四步作決策

領導者和他們的團隊常常為自己應對決策衝擊的能力而感到自豪。但現實情况是,他們常常會對大大小小的問題迅速開火,浪費時間。他們和他們的組織最好採用一種將決策視為意義的結構化的工作流程。
以全球最大的鞋類製造商之一的經驗為例,該公司的領導人參與了一項其他人可以用來改進其決策方式的活動,在這個瞬息萬變的行業,許多方面都出現了巨大的挑戰。。電腦驅動的、自動化的製造可能是工廠的重新訂製成為可能,這就威脅到了重新安排供應鏈的必要。先進的材料和新的施工方法給製造過程帶來了更大的複雜性。產品創新(比如運動鞋上的感測器來檢驗早期損傷)可能會增加額外的複雜性。和所有的組織一樣,製造商業面臨著一系列更多的挑戰:如何遵守客戶的產品規格,提高業績不佳地點的收益,或者翻新公司總部。
所有這些問題都需要作出决定,在某些情况下,需要作出一系列决定,這些决定在數量、緊迫性和複雜性上各不相同。但在公司公司某些作業體系,例如消防系統,決策常常是孤立地進行的,負責人不清楚公司的救災作業應該做到什麼程度,才能滿足製造生產上的安全需要。此外,經理和團隊不確定誰擁有什麼決策權力,卻被不斷地踢他們必須應付變動的局勢,並提出更多的要求。結果,研究小組發現自己處理一切問題,比如從“未來工廠”投資到像設備採購這樣重要的問題,以提高單個生產線的輸送量。
為了確保高品質的決策需要一個有紀律的過程,執行團隊開始進行一次練習,目的是創建一個可重複的過程,為每個決策者確定優先次序並確定正確的方法。它由這四個步驟組成:
1.  編列決策清單
將未來幾個月,編列決策清單,將無論是否為重要而關鍵的事,例如重大的資本投資,或是一般的行銷推廣,或是日常會議,都編列到待辦的決策清單中。
雖然在大企業中,會有定義好的程序來處理這樣的作業,以便面對快速變化的形勢,包含短期的危機處理,或是客戶緊急的要求,都會衝擊到公司既定的行事計劃工作表。
但是,我們通常也會疏忽考慮到公司團隊既有的行為文化,例如,如何處理不同團隊成員對他們權力的主張?團隊成員之間的互動,也必須放入考慮,例如,地區團隊如何和全球總部團隊互動?
但是,一旦將各種必須做出決策的事項編列到決策清單中,他們就會開始將有重複或是類似性質的事項合併起來,以便更好的協作,可以做出更重要的決策。例如,可以將配合客戶需求將作業進行創新,成為一個新策略。
2.  將決策項目分類
有了待辦的決策清單后,我們可以將這些待決策事項進行分類。通常,我們可以區分為四類:規模性、組織性、分析性、和主題性。然後,對每一項進行權重評分。
規模性決策。這包含資本投資或是營運費用,以及預期收益的時間等。所需要的投資規模、或是預期利益愈大,權重分數就愈高。
組織性決策。包含組織中相關利益者的參與,他們之間的連動性,權力程度,以及必須投入的程度。必須投入的愈多,權重分數就愈高。
分析性決策。包含所需分析的資料量,不確定因素、可以替代的方案選擇、可預期的價值差異,根據不同的差異,給不同的權重分數。
主題性決策。這是牽涉到團隊對於所需要做決策的主題的熟悉度,愈不熟悉,權重分數愈高。
3.  區分為三種類型的決策程序
再將這些待決策事項,區分為戰略決策重大決策,以及可快速決定的,三種。每一種,各別有因應的決策程序。
戰略決策。這些包含權重分數最高的項目,包含必須跨組織性的,所需分析資料複雜的,以及一些通常的一些小決定但是有可能會影響公司長期發展的。例如,公司廠房地點的選擇、自動化生產設備的決定。這些決策,通常會影響好幾個部門的利益與作業與管理方式的改變,產生不同程度的價值,而且要面對很大的不確定因素。
戰略決策通常需要資深主管最多的時間與深入的關注,做出一致的決策。這樣的決策框架,包含了對於問題認識的正確性,作出不同方案供選擇的能力,在組織內外收集足夠資料供分析的能力,對於不同方案的價值判斷與取捨的能力,理性研判而非意氣用事的決策程序,以及做出共同承諾的決心。
重大決策。這些決策是權重分數分佈在中等層次的。這些決策項目需要有可靠的類似案例。而要做決策的事項,加總起來,需要一定額度的投資。這類的決策,包含一定程度的採購或外包,開發新產品,擴大或升級IT設備尚未投資,等等。這種重大決策,不像戰略決策,需要對決策環節的每一步做深入的思考,而仍然必須依據項目性質做特定的評估、
通常重大決策項目具有跨部門的協調,但是比較不需要深入的分析,決策的重點在于如何做到最佳化,獲得利害相關人一致的支持。
可以快速決定的。這些是權重分數較低的項目,比較沒有組織上的複雜和沒有需要深入分析,但是還是有些必須檢查作業規範、查核表之類的。通常,所接到的訂單的規格要求不同於以往的訂單,就是這一類的,你必須檢查相關的作業、材料參數、產能排程安排等細節。這些可以快速決策的項目,通常可以授權給基層主管做決定,讓資深主管可以空出時間來應付戰略決策或其他重大決策。
4.  認知決策時間要求
一旦所需要作決策的項目被分類定義好,就可以合邏輯的一一做好決策。最後,就是要認知每項決策所需要的最後期限。例如,一周內、一個月、三個月、六個月內。同時,要注意到在這個決策過程中,來自于市場、客戶、或是組織內外的動態變化,修正你的決策必須考慮的元素。
***
了解了決策的分類與權重分數邏輯,加上每類決策的處理方針,就可以建立起公司內的決策體系,並且形成公司的決策文化。CEO應該隨時檢討這套決策體系的有效性,領導領導主管們予以落實。

2017年11月22日 星期三

通過把工作和重要的事情聯繫起來來激勵你的團隊

所有的管理者都需要激勵員工,但很多人都很難做到這一點。想要提供有效的鼓舞士氣的談話的老闆應該解釋為什麼他們要求人們做的工作是重要的。員工的任務如何與組織的目標相聯系?指出你的團隊對客戶、社區或是其他人產生了真正的影響。
例如,一家製藥公司的首席執行官可能會說:“我知道這裡的每個人都想幫助挽救心臟病患者的生命。這就是我們的工作。”或者你可以把你的員工的責任和他們的個人願望聯系起來。速食店經理可以告訴十幾歲的工人,“我們公司的目標之一是提供好的、穩定的工作,讓你有足夠的錢來幫助你的家庭和存錢唸大學。”
研究表明,把工作與意義聯系起來是一個最重要的一部分,但正確的表達對於激勵你的團隊是至關重要的。

Motivate your team by linking work with important things
All managers need to motivate employees, but it’s hard by many to do that. Bosses who want to provide effective morale-boosting conversation should explain why it is important for them to ask people to do what they are doing. How do employees tasks relate to the goals of the organizations? Point out that your team has a real impact on customers, communities, or others.
For example, the CEO of a a pharmaceutical company might say: I know everyone here wants to help save the life of patients with heart disease. This is our job.or you can connect your staff responsibilities and their personal wishes. Fast-food restaurant manager can tell teenagers one of the workers, one of our company’s is to provide a good, stable job, let you have enough money to help your family and save college.
Research shows that linking work with meaning is one of the most important parts, but the right expression is critical to motivating your team.

2017年11月18日 星期六

要激勵你的團隊,表現出一些情感

在工作中保持頭腦冷靜對於決策和團隊凝聚力是很重要的,但它可能會有一個意想不到的缺點:你平靜的職業形象可能過於死板,以至於你忘了做你自己或展示你的情感。
作為一個領導者,如果你總是嚴肅的面對你的直接報告,你很難產生熱情。
下次你準備一個重要的演講或會議的時候,想想你想給你的員工傳達怎樣的附帶的情感然後選擇與你的情緒相匹配的詞。如果你希望你的團隊有信心,比如說你對他們的表現感到“自豪”,他們的想法是“強大的”,或如果你的團隊正面臨著一個最後期限,告訴他們的任務是“關鍵的”和你的“渴望”有能夠如期完工的機會,這樣你的團隊就有機會不會錯過。
沒有情感的語言,你的資訊可能會落空,所以要坦率地表達你的感受而領導者的情緒具有感染力如果你投射出興奮或鼓勵,你的團隊將獲得你的能量。

To motivate your team, show some emotion
Stay calm at work is important for decision making and team cohesion, but it may have an unexpected disadvantage: your quiet professional image may be too rigid, so you forget to be yourself or show your emotions.
As a leader, it’s hard to be enthusiastic if you're always serious about your direct report.
When you prepare for an important lecture or meeting next time, think about what you want to give your employees how to convey incidental emotion? And then choose to match your mood.
If you want to have confidence in your team, for example, you feel proud of their performance, their idea is "strong", or if your team is facing a deadline, tell them the task is "critical" and you "desire" to have the opportunity to complete it on time, so that your team will have the opportunity to not miss.
Without emotional language, your message may fail, so be frank about your feelings, and the leader's emotions are contagious. If you project excitement or encouragement, your team will gain your energy.

2017年11月17日 星期五

做決策前先看到大願景

成功的策略思考者永遠會看到願景。他們會考慮當採取改變行動后會有哪些新的機會與資源來帶動他的團隊的進步與發展。
以後,當你要做決策時,考慮下列的作法來避免你的眼光過於狹隘:
  1. 思考未來的成果。當你有了新的創意,都問自己一下:“如果我實施了這個創意,可以帶給股東與其他單位哪些成果?會產生哪些長期的變化?”
  2. 擴大你的選項範圍。去了解收集對於參與決策有興趣的人的想法與顧慮,知道他們對於新的改變會對他們產生哪些影響?
  3. 考慮你的客戶。以客戶的眼光來考慮你的決策。他們會如何想?他們會傾向與哪些其他做法?如果你還不夠清楚,就去問問他們。
Before You Make a Decision, Look at the Big Vision
A successful strategy thinker will always see the vision. They will consider what new opportunities and resources will be taken to promote the progress and development of his team when they change their actions.
Later, when you make a decision, consider the following ways to avoid being too narrow:
  1. Think about future results. When you have new ideas, ask yourself, "What are the results that I can bring to shareholders and other units if I implement this idea? What are the long-term changes?"
  2. Expand your options. To understand the thoughts and concerns of people who are interested in participating in the decision, and to know what impact they will have on the new changes
  3. Think about your customers. Consider the intended decisions in the eyes of the customers. What will they think? What other alternatives will they prefer? If you don't know enough, ask them.

2017年11月16日 星期四

與老是需要你的員工保持適度的距離

作為一名經理,你可能希望你能給團隊中的所有人更多的關注。但有時,某些員工似乎需要你給他更多的時間。也許他們反復要求你回顧他們的工作,或者經常帶著問題出現在你的辦公桌上。
如果你的其中個員工要求你的資源過多,試著設定更清晰的界限。
下次這個員工過來時,你可以說:“我還有15分鐘,就要參加下個開會,我可以和你談那麼多時間。”或者,“我正要去開會。”“我們可以另外安排個面對面的對話嗎?”你可以這樣說,“你每週來看我三次。從現在開始,讓我們試著每週一次。”
你需要幫助你的員工學會為為什麼樣的事情可以來找你。
Keep a moderate distance from employees who always need you
As a manager, you may want you to give more attention to everyone on your team. But sometimes, some employees seem to need you to give them more time. Maybe they ask you to review their work over and over again, or they often show up at your desk with problems.
If one of your employees demands too much of your resources, try to set clearer boundaries.
Next time the employee comes, you can say, "I have 15 minutes to attend the next meeting. I can talk to you about how much time I have." Or, "I'm going to a meeting." "Can we arrange another face-to-face conversation?" You can say, "You come to see me three times a week. From now on, let's try once a week.
You need to help your employees learn why they can come to you.

2017年11月15日 星期三

不要攬下部屬該做的事

許多新任主管會犯下的一個錯誤,是沒有設定好自己與屬下的工作界限,尤其是誰應該負責什麼工作。當你升任為一名主管時,你的工作也從一名團隊成員改變成要去領導一群人。原來你是要求自己有高績效表現的一名成員,如今是要去支持你的團隊成員做出高生產力。
要轉變自己的角色並不容易。但是,與其自己親力親為似乎做起來比較快,你仍然要避免這樣做。領導主管要有看大格局的責任,從參加團隊會議到評估你的團隊的績效表現。
如果你自己跳下去做你的屬下該負責的工作,他不會學習到什麼,你也不會有時間處理自己的工作,並且你會作出危險的前例。
所以,你應該和你的團隊成員坦誠的說出你對他的期望。讓他們知道你會支持他們,但是他們的工作是自己該負責的。

Don't do what your subordinates should do
One mistake that many new executives make is not setting their own boundaries with their subordinates, especially those who should be responsible for what they do. When you are promoted to be a supervisor, your job changes from a team member to lead a group of people. So you ask for a member who has high performance. Now it's about supporting your team members to make high productivity.
It's not easy to change your role. But instead of doing it yourself, it seems faster, and you still have to avoid it. Leaders should have the responsibility to see the big picture, from attending team meetings to evaluate the performance of your team.
If you jump down to do the job that your subordinates are responsible for, he won't learn anything, you won't have time to deal with your work, and you'll make a dangerous precedent.
So, you should honestly tell your expectations to your team members. Let them know that you will support them, but they are responsible for their work.

2017年11月13日 星期一

如何避免崩潰?

勇於承擔挑戰,並贏得勝利的領導者,將獲得讚揚。然而,能夠體認出挑戰過於艱巨,採取行動以避免風險的領導者,同樣是個英雄。
面對挑戰任務,如何進行評估,以便決定應該往前邁進,或是退縮避險?
  1. 評估贏的機率。你應該認識你將面對的是什麼現實,並客觀的評估你贏的幾率有多少。將獲勝的利益與失敗的成本都估算清楚。(你應該認識,錯失一個專案,也可以視為一種利益。)不要低估失敗的成本。
  2. 瞭解你的團隊。即使是A Team也有能力的極限。問一下自己,你的團隊是否真有能力迎接所面臨的挑戰。
  3. 認識你自己。這真是對自我信心的試煉。誠實的面對自己,你是否將做出超越你自己能力的決定。
How do you avoid crashes?
The leader who is brave enough to take the challenge and win the battle will be praised. However, it is too difficult for the body to recognize challenges, and leaders who take actions to avoid risks are also heroes.
In the face of challenges, how can we assess whether we should move forward or shrink from it?
  1. Assess the odds of winning. You should know what reality you will face and evaluate objectively how much chance you will win. We will clearly estimate the benefits and costs of winning. (you should know that missing a project can be regarded as an interest). Don't underestimate the cost of failure.
  2. Understand your team. Even A Team has the limit of ability. Ask yourself if your team is really capable of meeting the challenges.
  3. Know yourself. This is really a trial of self confidence. Facing yourself honestly, will you make decisions that are beyond your capability?

如何在危機中領導?

身為領導主管,當面臨有時間壓力要做出決策時,你難免會猶豫自己是否有足夠能力負責指揮,採取行動,以及可以領導團隊發揮創意來解決問題。你要有信心,你可以兩者兼顧。
以下三個作法能夠讓你在面對危機時,一方面發揮領導權威,另外一方面強化團隊成員的能力:
  1. 設定可以兼顧現實與新希望的願景。評估現況以及預估形勢將會如何演進。同時,設法針對各種可能發生的情況,找出應對的作法。
  2.  建立危機應對小組。指定并引進有能力的專業人員,建立起危機應對小組。訂立好每個人上陣負責或輪流負責的體制。設定好他們各別主要負責的範疇,或是必須相互支援,相互通報與向上報告的體系。
  3. 投入參與。作為危機小組領導者,你必須投入參與,領導建立起作業紀律,協調執行,并鼓勵大家發揮創意,并一路檢討學習。
How to lead in crisis?
As a leader, when faced with time pressure to make decisions, you will hesitate whether you have the ability to command, take action, and can lead the team to create ideas to solve the problem. You have to be confident, you can do both.
The following three practices allow you to play a leadership role on the one hand, and strengthen your team members in the face of crisis:
  1. Set a vision that can balance reality with new hope. Assess the current situation and how it will evolve?  At the same time, try to find out how to deal with all possible situations.
  2. Establish a crisis response team. Appoint and introduce competent professionals to establish a crisis response team. Set up a system in which each person is in charge or is responsible in turn. Set their individual is mainly responsible for the category, or must support each other, mutual notification and report system.
  3. Involvement. As a crisis team leader, you must invest in participation, lead the establishment of work discipline, coordinate the implementation, and encourage people to play their creativity, and all the way to review and learning.

如何處理壞消息?

收到壞消息一點都不有趣。要通知壞消息也不容易。
以下是處理壞消息的一些做法:
  1. 盡早通知。盡可能讓人家早一些知道真實的狀況。如果你不能掌握實際的損害評估,早一些通知你的老闆,她會有較多的時間與資源來做正確的評估,并能夠採取正確的對策。
  2. 記取教訓。你不會讓發生過的錯誤輕易再發生。但是,不要以為你確實知道實際的一切。對於新發生的意外,你還是要做實際的了解。
  3. 不要指責通知你的人。如果你希望別人能夠對你誠實,你就要有開放而包容的心胸。謝謝願意通知你壞消息的人。
How do you deal with bad news?
It's not funny to get bad news. It's not easy to tell bad news.
Here are some ways to deal with bad news:
  1. Inform as soon as possible. Let people know the real situation as early as possible. . If you can not grasp the actual damage assessment, inform your boss earlier that she will have more time and resources to make the right assessment, and can take the right countermeasures.
  2. Lesson learned. You won't let the mistakes happen again easily. But don't think you really know what's actually happening. You still need to know more about new accident.
  3. Don't blame the person who notified you. If you want others to be honest with you, you have to open and tolerant. Thank you to the person who told you the bad news.

2017年11月12日 星期日

建立你的顧問群/智囊團

最近陸續有些年輕朋友來尋求我的諮詢服務。在業務之暇,我很樂意為已經建立事業,而帶著實際問題的朋友,做些分享交流,解決其疑惑,並給予實際可行的實務操作指導。
不過,我認為你實際應該做的,是建立起一個董事會,讓幾名有資歷的董事來提供實際的支援。讓幾名董事各別扮演不同的角色,共同參與你的經營決策。
若是一時還不到時機,讓幾名願意幫你的人實際出資參與你的公司。那麼,你至少應該建立一個虛擬董事會,也就是建立一個顧問群,成為你的智囊團。這些顧問,有如你的導師(Mentor),教練你如何做好CEO, 並提供給你經營上的必要意見。
是的,你不僅需要導師/顧問,還需要2-5名。有人可以在行銷上給你經驗,有人可以在團隊組建上給你指導,或是有人能夠為你帶來資金與人脈的資源。
並且,你應該將他們組織起來,讓彼此認識,並知道你對每個人的不同期待。
這樣的顧問群/智囊團,對於初創的小公司,將發揮重大的作用。消極面,它將避免你走錯路,繞彎道;積極面,它會有效縮短你的學習時間,快速擬定正確的策略,並協助你制定出合理的發展計畫。

Build Your Advisory Group / Think Tank
Recently, some young friends have come to seek my consulting service. In my business time, I will be happy to share and communicate with friends who have established a career and with practical problems, to solve their doubts and to give practical guidance.
However, what I think you should do is to set up a board of directors, so that a few qualified directors can provide practical support. Let a few directors respectively play different roles in your business decisions.
If you don't have time yet, let a couple of you willing to contribute to your company. Well, at least, you should establish a virtual board, that is, set up a consultant group to become your think-tank. These consultants, like your tutor (Mentor), coach you how to do CEO well, and provide you with the necessary advice for business.
Yes, you need not only mentors / consultants, but also 2-5. Someone can give you experience in marketing, someone can give you guidance in team building, or someone can bring resources to you.
And you should organize them so that you can know each other and know your different expectations for everyone.
Such a group of advisers / think-tank will play a significant role in the start-up of small businesses. On the negative side, it will avoid you in the wrong way, around the curve; positive, it will effectively shorten your study time, quickly draw up the right strategy, and help you develop a reasonable development plan.